Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)?

• A. Breech delivery
• B. Oligohydramnios
• C. Male gender
• D. Family history

Answer: (C)

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition characterized by improper formation of the hip joint in infants and young children. Certain factors have been identified that increase the likelihood of developing this condition.

Breech delivery and oligohydramnios are both recognized risk factors for DDH. Breech presentations can result in limited space in the uterus, which may contribute to abnormal positioning of the hip joint and hinder proper development. Oligohydramnios, or reduced amniotic fluid, can similarly restrict fetal movement, leading to potential hip joint abnormalities.

Family history is another significant risk factor for DDH, as genetic factors may play a role in the development of this condition. A family history of hip dysplasia increases the chance of the condition occurring in offspring because of shared genetic predispositions.

In contrast, male gender is not considered a risk factor for developmental dysplasia of the hip. In fact, DDH is more commonly observed in females, which is contrary to the notion that males may be at higher risk. Therefore, identifying male gender as a risk factor for DDH is incorrect, supporting the conclusion that it is the exception among the listed risk factors.